A diode is a semiconductor sandwich (P-type and N-type silicon). On one side, it looks like an open highway; on the other, it looks like a brick wall.
A transistor has three legs. A small amount of current/voltage on the "Base" (Gate) controls a large amount of current flowing between the "Collector" and "Emitter" (Drain and Source). electrical components and their functions
Think of a capacitor as a very fast, very small rechargeable battery. It consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulator (dielectric). Voltage pushes electrons onto one plate; they want to jump to the other side but can't cross the gap. This creates a stored charge. A diode is a semiconductor sandwich (P-type and
Inductors hate change. They resist sudden changes in current . If a capacitor is a water tank (pressure storage), an inductor is a heavy flywheel (flow storage). If you try to stop a flywheel instantly, it snaps the axle. Similarly, if you disconnect an inductor carrying current, it will generate a massive voltage spike to try to keep the current moving. (This is why relays have "flyback diodes"—to catch that spike.) A small amount of current/voltage on the "Base"
Resistors don't just "waste" power; they create relationships . By placing a resistor in a circuit, you dictate the voltage at a specific point (Voltage Divider) or limit the current to save an LED from burning out (Current Limiting).
A resistor is a deliberate obstacle. Inside, carbon or metal film forces electrons to bounce around, converting electrical energy into heat (which is why resistors get hot).
An inductor is simply a coil of wire. When current flows, it creates a magnetic field around the coil. When the current tries to stop, that magnetic field collapses and pushes the current to keep going .